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# Islamic History

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## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://islamichistory.info/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Ibn Ishaq: His Life, Works and the Sira](https://islamichistory.info/2025/04/11/ibn-ishaq-a-short-biography/) - Ibn Ishaq wrote the earliest and most important biography of the Prophet Muhammad. Discover the man behind the Sira.
- [Life of Uthman ibn Affan: Part 2](https://islamichistory.info/2026/05/03/life-of-uthman-ibn-affan-part-2/) - Who was Abdullah ibn Saba? How did he orchestrate the rebellion against Uthman? A detailed examination of the fitnah..
- [Life of Uthman ibn Affan: Part 3 - His Martyrdom](https://islamichistory.info/2026/05/03/life-of-uthman-ibn-affan-part-3-his-martyrdom/) - Why did Uthman refuse to fight or flee when rebels besieged his house? The story of his martyrdom, the forged letter and the consequences for Islam.
- [Four shocking facts about Khomeni](https://islamichistory.info/2026/06/14/four-facts-about-khomeni/) - Ayatollah Khomeini is celebrated by many as a Muslim hero. But what did he actually believe? Explore the shocking beliefs of the founder of the Republic of Iran
- [Did Ibn Saʻūd Rebel Against the Ottomans?](https://islamichistory.info/2026/06/12/did-ibn-saʻud-rebel-against-the-ottomans/) - Did Ibn Saʻūd rebel against the Ottomans and cause their collapse? We examine what Ottoman, British and Arab sources actually reveal.
- [Shīʿism and the Quran](https://islamichistory.info/2026/05/04/shias-and-the-quran/) - Do Shias believe the Quran was altered? Explore what Shia scholars themselves wrote about distortion, missing verses, and the Mushaf Fatima.
- [1258: The Fall of Baghdad](https://islamichistory.info/2026/04/11/1258-the-fall-of-baghdad/) - In 1258 Hūlākū sacked Baghdad and slaughtered 800,000 people. But who opened the gates? The shocking story of the betrayal that destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate.
- [Was the Prophet Sent Only to Deliver the Qur’an?](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-prophet-sent-only-to-deliver-the-quran/) - The Quraniyoon claim the Prophet's only role was to deliver the Quran. Two Quranic verses and the chaos within their own movement prove otherwise.
- [Efforts in Countering Hadith Fabrication](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/efforts-to-counter-hadith-fabrication/) - How did Muslim scholars protect the hadith from fabrication? A detailed look at the isnad, ilm ar-rijaal and the methods used to detect forged narrations.
- [The Prophet’s Marriage to Young Aishah](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-prophets-marriage-to-the-young-aishah/) - Was the Prophet's marriage to Aishah unusual for his time? A historical examination of Jewish, Christian and European marriage practices provides the answer.
- [Shariah Courts: The Myth and the Reality](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/shariah-courts-the-myth-and-the-reality/) - Jewish Beth Din courts have operated in the UK for centuries with full legal recognition. So why the hysteria about Sharia courts?
- [Did the Khilafah End in 1924?](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/did-the-khilafah-end-in-1924/) - Some groups claim the Khilafah ended in 1924 and claim to be working to revive it. Read what the Prophet actually said, and what the Ottoman state really was.
- [A brief history of Sufism](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/sufism/) - Where did Sufism come from? This article traces its origins in Christian monasticism, its early development and the doctrines Sunni scholars rejected.
- [Ghadir Khumm: An Orientalist Perspective](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/ghadir-khumm-an-orientalist-perspective/) - Did the Prophet designate Ali as his successor at Ghadir Khumm? Western scholars Dakake and Veccia examine the hadith and reach a surprising conclusion.
- [The Life of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/life-of-umar-al-khattab-part-1/) - A complete biography of Umar ibn al-Khattab, his conversion, his unique relationship with the Quran, his justice as caliph, and his martyrdom.
- [A Brief Biography of Al-Baladhuri](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/brief-biography-of-al-baladhuri/) - Who was al-Baladhuri? Author of Futuh al-Buldan and Ansab al-Ashraf, he remains one of the most important historians of early Islamic history.
- [Brief Guide to Hadith and Sunnah: Part 2](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/brief-guide-to-hadith-and-sunnah-part-2/) - Can Muslims follow the Quran alone without the Sunnah? This article shows with detailed examples why the Sunnah is essential to understanding and applying the Quran.
- [Brief Guide to Hadith and Sunnah: Part 1](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/brief-guide-to-hadeeth-and-sunnah-part-1/) - What is the difference between Hadith and Sunnah? This guide covers scholarly definitions and the Quranic and hadith proofs for the authority of the Sunnah.
- [Did Islam Abolish Polygamy? Exploring the Facts and Misconceptions](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/polygamy-abolished/) - Some modernists claim the Quran intended to abolish polygamy. This article examines that argument verse by verse and shows why it contradicts the evidence.
- [The Compilation of the Qur’an](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-compilation-of-the-quran/) - How was the Quran compiled? This article traces the three stages, from the Prophet's scribes to Abu Bakr's collection, and refutes the Orientalist claims.
- [Taqlid and Closing the Doors of Ijtihād](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/ijtihad-taqlid-and-the-closing-of-the-doors-of-ijtihad/) - Many Muslims believe the gates of ijtihad were closed in the 3rd century. This article examines the historical evidence and shows why that claim is a fiction.
- [Imam Al-Tabari - A Brief Biography](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/brief-biography-of-imam-al-tabari/) - Al-Tabari memorised the Quran at seven and became Islam's greatest historian. Discover his life, his famous Ta'rikh, and why the Hanbalis stoned his house.
- [Is the Sunnah a Form of Revelation?](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/is-the-sunnah-revelation/) - Who are the Zaydis and how do they differ from Twelver Shia? Discover their origins, the betrayal at Kufa, and why that moment gave birth to the word Rafidah
- [The Origins of the Zaydīs](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-origins-of-the-zaydis/) - Who are the Zaydis and how do they differ from Twelver Shia? Discover their origins, the betrayal at Kufa, and why that moment gave birth to the word Rafidah
- [The Shi'i View on Legitimate Leadership](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-shii-view-on-leadership/) - What do Shias believe about leadership after the Prophet? A brief guide to the Imamate, covering Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaydis and how they differ
- [The Khawarij View of Legitimate Leadership](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-khawarij-view-of-caliphate/) - Who were the Khawarij? Discover how they rejected both Sunni and Shia leadership theories.
- [The Sunni Theory of Leadership](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-sunni-theory-of-caliphate/) - How do Sunnis define the caliphate? This guide covers the theory of Islamic leadership, how a caliph is selected, and what to do under a tyrannical ruler.
- [A Brief History of the Mu’tazila](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-mutazila/) - Who were the Mu'tazila? Explore their five principles, the Quran createdness controversy, and why Sunni scholars ultimately rejected them.
- [Ali ibn Abi Talib's Love for Abu Bakr Siddiq](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/ali-ibn-abi-talibs-love-for-abu-bakr-as-siddeeq/) - Ali b. Abi Talib publicly ranked Abu Bakr above himself, named his son after him and defended his caliphate. See what both Sunni and Shia sources record.
- [The Origin of the Ismā‘īlīs](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-ismailis/) - How did the Ismailis emerge after the eleventh Imam's death? From the Fatimid conquest of Egypt to the Qarmatians stealing the Black Stone.
- [The Companions' Reaction to the Prophet Muhammad's Death](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-companions-reaction-to-the-prophet-muhammads-death/) - When the Prophet died, his Companions were consumed by grief. It was Abu Bakr's extraordinary strength and resolve that held the Muslim community together
- [Abu Bakr Migrates to Medina](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/abu-bakrs-migration-to-medina/) - Abu Bakr's journey migrating to Medina with the Prophet, hiding in the Cave of Thawr as Quraysh hunted them.
- [The Martyrdom of Hussain](https://islamichistory.info/2022/08/05/the-martyrdom-of-hussain/) - Hussain was invited to Kufa by 18,000 Shia who pledged to protect him. They then abandoned him and killed him. Discover what the Shia sources themselves say about his martyrdom.
- [The Martyrdom of Hussain: What Happened Next](https://islamichistory.info/2022/08/24/the-martyrdom-of-hussain-what-happened-next/) - The martyrdom of Hussain triggered a chain of events that transformed Shiasm. Read how a political opportunist used that grief to shape the future of Shiasm.
- [A Bizarre Response by the Quraniyoon on How to Pray](https://islamichistory.info/2024/01/14/a-bizzare-response-by-the-quraniyoon-on-how-to-pray/) - The Quraniyoon reject hadith yet cannot explain how to pray without it. Their answer, that prayer came from Prophet Ibrahim, collapses under the simplest scrutiny.
- [A Short Biography of Rashad Khalifa](https://islamichistory.info/2024/01/15/rashad-khalifa/) - Rashad Khalifa claimed to have discovered a mathematical miracle in the Quran, then declared himself a prophet. Discover the life and ignominious death of one of Islam's most brazen imposters
- [How Sunni Iran Became a Shia Country](https://islamichistory.info/2024/06/22/how-sunni-iran-became-a-shii-country/) - Iran was overwhelmingly Sunni for centuries. Discover the political and religious forces that turned it into the world's largest Shia state.
- [Iran, Israel and the war against Islam](https://islamichistory.info/2024/10/06/iran-israel-and-the-war-against-islam/) - Iran presents itself as Islam's defender but history tells a different story. Explore Iran's covert ties with Israel, its role in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan, and what it means for Muslims today.
- [A Brief History of Early Shī’īsm](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/a-brief-history-of-early-shiism/) - How did Shi'ism begin? From Abdullah ibn Saba to the Kaysaniyya to the Twelver Imamate, a brief history of early Shia origins and doctrine.
- [The Early Shī‘ī: From the 11th Imām to the Būyids](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/early-shiism-from-the-11th-imam-to-the-buyids/) - Twelver Shia Islam did not emerge overnight. Discover how five key scholars between 874 and 945 AD constructed the doctrine of the hidden Imam and occultation.
- [The Evolution of Early Shī‘īsm During the ‘Abbāsid Period](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/proto-shiism-during-the-abbasid-period-from-jafar-al-sadiq-d-765-148-to-the-death-of-ḥasan/) - Twelver Shia beliefs did not emerge fully formed. Discover how they evolved through political crises and bitter disputes over who the true Imam was.
- [الإسلام والحضارة الغربية](https://islamichistory.info/2025/11/27/الإسلام-والحضارة-الغربية/) - يُواجهُ المسلمون اليوم – وأكثرَ مِن أي وقتٍ مضى – تحدِّيًا غيرَ مسبوقٍ يمسُّ جوهرَ عقيدتهم. فَالآراءُ الغربيةُ السائدةُ، والتي تنصِّبُ نفسَها مُحكِّمًا على الصوابِ والخطأِ، تطالبُ بتقييمِ المعتقداتِ والمعاملاتِ الإسلاميةِ وِفقًا لمعاييرها الأخلاقيةِ. ويتفاقمُ هذا التحدِّي بسببِ عقليةِ ما بعد الاستعمارِ، وهي بقايا نفسيةٌ لقرونٍ من الهيمنةِ السياسيةِ والثقافيةِ، والتي تدفعُ العديدَ من المسلمين
- [How the Nuṣayris Hijacked Syria](https://islamichistory.info/2024/12/23/how-the-nuṣayris-hijacked-syria/) - The Nusayris worship Ali as God and believe in reincarnation, yet they ruled Syria for over fifty years. Discover how this obscure sect hijacked an entire nation.
- [The Agha Khan and the Ismailis](https://islamichistory.info/2025/02/09/the-agha-khan-and-the-ismailis/) - The Agha Khan is celebrated in the West as a philanthropist and spiritual leader. But what do Ismailis actually believe?
- [The Great Najdi Deception](https://islamichistory.info/2025/02/19/the-great-najdi-deception/) - The hadith of Najd is widely used to condemn the da'wah of tawheed. But what do the actual texts say? Four authentic hadith make clear that Najd refers to Iraq and not central Arabia.
- [Musa ibn 'Uqba's Kitab al-Maghazi](https://islamichistory.info/2025/04/21/musa-ibn-uqbas-kitab-al-maghazi/) - Musa ibn Uqba's Kitab al-Maghazi was declared the most authentic seerah by Malik, Shafi'i and Ahmad ibn Hanbal, yet it was almost entirely lost until 2021. Discover its remarkable story.
- [Islam and Western Civilisation](https://islamichistory.info/2025/05/26/islam-and-western-civilisation/) - Western civilisation has appointed itself the judge of Islam. Muslims are unconsciously accepting its standards. It is time to stop apologising and defend Islam on its own terms.
- [The Great Game: Iran, Israel, and Power Politics](https://islamichistory.info/2025/06/22/the-iran-israel-war/) - Iran presents itself as the vanguard of resistance against Israel. But behind the rhetoric lies a calculated power struggle. Whose side is Iran really on?
- [The Coloniser’s Mask and the Crisis of Yasir Qadhi](https://islamichistory.info/2025/07/19/the-colonisers-mask-and-the-crisis-of-yasir-qadhi/) - Yasir Qadhi abandoned his Sunni roots to seek validation from his Orientalist masters. How a da'wah figure became Islam's colonised intellectual
- [Khalīfa ibn Khayyāṭ: Early Sunni Imām of History and Ḥadīth](https://islamichistory.info/2025/11/27/khalifa-ibn-khayyaṭ-early-sunni-imam-of-history-and-ḥadith/) - Khalifa ibn Khayyat's authority was endorsed by Imam Bukhari, yet most Muslims have never heard of him. Discover the life of one of Islam's earliest historians
- [Understanding Ibn ʿArabī](https://islamichistory.info/2025/12/06/understanding-ibn-ʿarabi-a-critical-examination-of-his-teachings/) - Few individuals have influenced Sufi thought as profoundly as Ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240). Revered by many, he continues to stoke controversy.
- [Did the Prophet prohibit the recording of hadith](https://islamichistory.info/2026/05/03/did-the-prophet-prohibit-the-recording-of-hadith/) - Were hadith reliably preserved? This article examines the pre-Islamic writing tradition and shows that recording began in the Prophet's own lifetime.
- [Were There Hadith Books Before Bukhari? Uncovering the Earliest Collections](https://islamichistory.info/2026/05/04/were-there-hadith-books-before-bukhari-uncovering-the-earliest-collections/) - The Quraniyoon claim hadith had no written records before Bukhari. This article lists extant collections that predate him by over a century.
- [The Life of Uthman ibn ‘Affan: Part 1](https://islamichistory.info/2026/05/03/the-life-of-uthman-b-affan-part-1/) - Who was Uthman ibn Affan? From his early conversion and marriage to the Prophet's daughters to his military conquests and standardisation of the Quran.
- [The Truce of Hudaybiyah - A Great Victory](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-truce-of-hudaybiyah-a-victory-for-islam/) - Why did the Companions think Hudaybiyah was a defeat, when it was actually Islam's greatest victory? The full story of the treaty that changed everything.
- [The Sunni Creed of Abdullah b. ‘Awn](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/the-sunni-creed-of-abdullah-b-awn/) - Abdullah b. ‘Awn (d. 151) is one of the most important scholars of ahl al-sunnah, having studied with both al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī and Muḥammad b. Sīrīn
- [The Migration of Abu Bakr  and Ibn Dughna's Support](https://islamichistory.info/2021/11/03/abu-bakr-and-ibn-ad-dughna/) - How Abu Bakr planned to migrate to Abyssinia, and why the tribal chief Ibn ad-Dughna offered him protection from the Quraysh in Makkah.
- [The Christian King who resolved a  Sunni – Shia Dispute](https://islamichistory.info/2025/12/14/christian-king-resolves-sunni-shia-dispute/) - When Sunnis and Shia couldn't settle their dispute, they turned to a Christian king. His ruling surprised both sides, and was recorded for posterity.
- [Essential Glossary of Arabic Terms](https://islamichistory.info/2024/01/23/glossary-of-arabic-terms-used-in-this-blog/) - Below I have produced a glossary of Arabic terms that are used in this blog.
- [إيران وإسرائيل، والحرب ضد الإسلام - ٥ رؤى تحتاج إلى معرفتها](https://islamichistory.info/2024/10/18/إيران-وإسرائيل،-والحرب-ضد-الإسلام/) - مقدّمة أثار الهجوم الصاروخي الباليستي الأخير الذي شنته إيران ضد إسرائيل (أكتوبر 2024) انتقامًا لمقتل زعيم حزب الله حسن نصر الله؛ حالة من الإثارة في العالم الإسلامي، وبالنسبة للكثيرين؛ تُعتبر إيران البلد الأجرأ في العالم الإسلامي التي تقف وحدها في مواجهة إسرائيل لا شكّ بأن كل مسلم صادق يتمنى تحرير فلسطين ونهاية الصهيونية، وقد أظهرت

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## Categories

- [Misconceptions](https://islamichistory.info/category/misconceptions/)
- [Sunnah](https://islamichistory.info/category/sunnah/)
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## Tags

- [hadith](https://islamichistory.info/tag/hadith/)
- [prayer](https://islamichistory.info/tag/prayer/)
- [sunnah](https://islamichistory.info/tag/sunnah/)
- [numerical miracle](https://islamichistory.info/tag/numerical-miracle/)
- [Iran](https://islamichistory.info/tag/iran/)
- [Shia](https://islamichistory.info/tag/shia/)
- [Najd](https://islamichistory.info/tag/najd/)
- [Iraq](https://islamichistory.info/tag/iraq/)
- [Saudi](https://islamichistory.info/tag/saudi/)
- [historians](https://islamichistory.info/tag/historians/)